Defining the ‘sun dog’ and how they appear in the sky, even at night
JOE MARTUCCI, Lee Enterprises
A reader has asked for an explanation of sun dogs and how we can get them across the world.
So, we’ll do just that.
The formal term for a sun dog is parhelion. However, there are other informal terms for it, too, like “mock suns.”
Using the official definition from the American Meteorological Society, a sun dog is “a halo in the form of a colored spot at the same angular elevation as the sun.”
In other words, a sun dog is a bright spot on either or both sides of the sun. Sometimes they have a rainbow-esque appearance of different colors. Other times, they look like bright balls of light.Â
Sun dogs are formed when sunlight is refracted by hexagonal-shaped, or six-sided, ice crystals in the sky. You may have to go back to middle school science for this, but refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.
In this case, the wave is visible light waves and the mediums are the ice crystals.
Typically, ice crystals are found in cirrus clouds— the high, thin wispy clouds in the sky.Â
Sunlight is then bent at about 22 degrees, using the ice crystals as a prism. It then reaches our eyes. The bending of the light 22 degrees creates the optical illusion we see — the sun dog!
The colors go from red closest to the sun to blue furthest from the sun. Red colors have longer wavelengths than blues, which give this appearance in the sky.Â
Often times, sun dogs are a part of a ring of light around the sun known as a 22-degree halo.Â
Sun dogs are best seen when the sun is at or near the horizon.Â
Sun dogs are not just for the lazy days, either. They can happen at night and are known as paraselene, or a moon dog. Similar to its daytime counterpart, those high, thin cirrus clouds often bring the optical illusion.
Parhelion can occur anywhere in the world in any season and are fairly common. However, they’re typically around for too brief a time or are too faint to really see them.Â
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Warner Bros.
Conjuring images of snowy landscapes, barren trees, and frigid temperatures, winter weather imparts an instant and identifiable tone. It's no wonder that a number of key films use this particular season as a constant backdrop. Rarely does the mere use of weather render such an immediate impact as it does when characters are exhaling steam while snow falls in an ever-present blanket around them. Indeed, audiences can practically feel the shivering cold through the screen.
Putting tone aside, winter often plays an even more direct role in the narrative. Films such as "Christmas Vacation" wouldn't make much sense if they didn't take place during the holiday season after all. That's not to mention the obstructive nature of snow and freezing temperatures in films such as "Cold Mountain," "Fargo," and "Force Majeure." In John Carpenter's horror classic "The Thing," which takes place in the heart of Antarctica, the desolate winter weather mirrors the isolation characters face as the film progresses.
Meanwhile, audiences get to wrap themselves in warm blankets and sit next to the fire as they partake in the viewing experience. That makes winter-weather movies all the more appealing, as if they reinforce one's own sense of comfort. It also helps that a number of these films are just downright great in their own right.Â
Stacker compiled a list of 20 great movies set in winter weather. To qualify, the film had to be primarily set in winter and have at least 20,000 votes and a 7.0 user rating on IMDb.
Conjuring images of snowy landscapes, barren trees, and frigid temperatures, winter weather imparts an instant and identifiable tone. It's no wonder that a number of key films use this particular season as a constant backdrop. Rarely does the mere use of weather render such an immediate impact as it does when characters are exhaling steam while snow falls in an ever-present blanket around them. Indeed, audiences can practically feel the shivering cold through the screen.
Putting tone aside, winter often plays an even more direct role in the narrative. Films such as "Christmas Vacation" wouldn't make much sense if they didn't take place during the holiday season after all. That's not to mention the obstructive nature of snow and freezing temperatures in films such as "Cold Mountain," "Fargo," and "Force Majeure." In John Carpenter's horror classic "The Thing," which takes place in the heart of Antarctica, the desolate winter weather mirrors the isolation characters face as the film progresses.
Meanwhile, audiences get to wrap themselves in warm blankets and sit next to the fire as they partake in the viewing experience. That makes winter-weather movies all the more appealing, as if they reinforce one's own sense of comfort. It also helps that a number of these films are just downright great in their own right.Â
Stacker compiled a list of 20 great movies set in winter weather. To qualify, the film had to be primarily set in winter and have at least 20,000 votes and a 7.0 user rating on IMDb.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
August Films
- Director: Bob Clark
- IMDb user rating: 7.1
- Metascore: 65
- Runtime: 98 minutes
A benchmark of the proto-slasher subgenre, Bob Clark's cult classic takes place on a college campus during Christmas break. Against a wintry backdrop, a deranged serial killer stalks a group of sorority sisters. The film was shot on location in Toronto, where temperatures can drop as low as –20°C.
August Films
- Director: Bob Clark
- IMDb user rating: 7.1
- Metascore: 65
- Runtime: 98 minutes
A benchmark of the proto-slasher subgenre, Bob Clark's cult classic takes place on a college campus during Christmas break. Against a wintry backdrop, a deranged serial killer stalks a group of sorority sisters. The film was shot on location in Toronto, where temperatures can drop as low as –20°C.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
MGM
- Director: David Lean
- IMDb user rating: 7.9
- Metascore: 69
- Runtime: 197 minutes
David Lean's sweeping saga spans several decades and chronicles the romance between a Russian physician (Omar Sharif) and a married woman (Julie Christie). Adapted from a controversial novel, it clocks in at over three hours and touches on a number of historical events. Snow and frost provide the predominant backdrop, with a key scene taking place inside a famous ice palace. It won five Academy Awards, including Best Adapted Screenplay.Â
MGM
- Director: David Lean
- IMDb user rating: 7.9
- Metascore: 69
- Runtime: 197 minutes
David Lean's sweeping saga spans several decades and chronicles the romance between a Russian physician (Omar Sharif) and a married woman (Julie Christie). Adapted from a controversial novel, it clocks in at over three hours and touches on a number of historical events. Snow and frost provide the predominant backdrop, with a key scene taking place inside a famous ice palace. It won five Academy Awards, including Best Adapted Screenplay.Â
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Focus Features
- Director: Michel Gondry
- IMDb user rating: 8.3
- Metascore: 89
- Runtime: 108 minutes
Putting a surrealist spin on modern romance, this beloved dramedy stars Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet as a former couple trying to move past their breakup. In one of the most iconic scenes, they lie on the cracked ice of a frozen lake while looking up at the stars. The ice itself could be viewed as a metaphor for their respective memories.
Focus Features
- Director: Michel Gondry
- IMDb user rating: 8.3
- Metascore: 89
- Runtime: 108 minutes
Putting a surrealist spin on modern romance, this beloved dramedy stars Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet as a former couple trying to move past their breakup. In one of the most iconic scenes, they lie on the cracked ice of a frozen lake while looking up at the stars. The ice itself could be viewed as a metaphor for their respective memories.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Polygram Filmed Entertainment
- Directors: Joel Coen, Ethan Coen
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 85
- Runtime: 98 minutes
An expanse of snow sets the tone for this Coen Brothers classic, set in the midst of a harsh Midwestern winter. What starts as a harebrained kidnapping scheme gives way to a double homicide and other heinous crimes. Pregnant police chief Marge Gunderson (Frances McDormand) contends with cold weather and quirky personalities as she searches for answers. It won two Academy Awards—Best Actress for McDormand and Best Original Screenplay.
An expanse of snow sets the tone for this Coen Brothers classic, set in the midst of a harsh Midwestern winter. What starts as a harebrained kidnapping scheme gives way to a double homicide and other heinous crimes. Pregnant police chief Marge Gunderson (Frances McDormand) contends with cold weather and quirky personalities as she searches for answers. It won two Academy Awards—Best Actress for McDormand and Best Original Screenplay.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Plattform Produktion
- Director: Ruben Östlund
- IMDb user rating: 7.2
- Metascore: 87
- Runtime: 120 minutes
A literal avalanche causes figurative disaster in this acclaimed Swedish black comedy from Ruben Östlund. The events unfold during a family ski trip, as the layers peel back on a seemingly happy marriage. It was later remade for American audiences as the critical and commercial dud "Downhill," starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Will Ferrell.
Plattform Produktion
- Director: Ruben Östlund
- IMDb user rating: 7.2
- Metascore: 87
- Runtime: 120 minutes
A literal avalanche causes figurative disaster in this acclaimed Swedish black comedy from Ruben Östlund. The events unfold during a family ski trip, as the layers peel back on a seemingly happy marriage. It was later remade for American audiences as the critical and commercial dud "Downhill," starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Will Ferrell.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Walt Disney Animation Studios
- Directors: Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee
- IMDb user rating: 7.4
- Metascore: 75
- Runtime: 102 minutes
Gifted with magical powers, a new queen accidentally turns her kingdom into a permanent winter wonderland. Hoping to lift the spell, the queen's sister embarks on an epic adventure. Disney's computer-animated musical was a blockbuster smash, earning over $1.2 billion at the global box office and spawning a hit sequel.
Walt Disney Animation Studios
- Directors: Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee
- IMDb user rating: 7.4
- Metascore: 75
- Runtime: 102 minutes
Gifted with magical powers, a new queen accidentally turns her kingdom into a permanent winter wonderland. Hoping to lift the spell, the queen's sister embarks on an epic adventure. Disney's computer-animated musical was a blockbuster smash, earning over $1.2 billion at the global box office and spawning a hit sequel.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Fox Searchlight Pictures
- Director: Wes Anderson
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 88
- Runtime: 99 minutes
Auteur Wes Anderson took loose inspiration from the writings of Stefan Zweig when crafting this clever comedy. Set in the 1930s, it welcomes viewers to a lavish hotel perched deep within the snow-capped mountains of Europe. The movie's unique visual palette was brought to life through a combination of traditional film and advanced digital technologies.
Fox Searchlight Pictures
- Director: Wes Anderson
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 88
- Runtime: 99 minutes
Auteur Wes Anderson took loose inspiration from the writings of Stefan Zweig when crafting this clever comedy. Set in the 1930s, it welcomes viewers to a lavish hotel perched deep within the snow-capped mountains of Europe. The movie's unique visual palette was brought to life through a combination of traditional film and advanced digital technologies.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Columbia Pictures
- Director: Harold Ramis
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 72
- Runtime: 101 minutes
Bill Murray plays to his strengths as sarcastic but likable weatherman Phil Connors in this blockbuster comedy. On assignment in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, on Feb. 2, Connors is forced to live the same day over and over again. Winter weather functions as both an uncontrollable obstacle and a motif as the story unfolds.
Columbia Pictures
- Director: Harold Ramis
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 72
- Runtime: 101 minutes
Bill Murray plays to his strengths as sarcastic but likable weatherman Phil Connors in this blockbuster comedy. On assignment in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, on Feb. 2, Connors is forced to live the same day over and over again. Winter weather functions as both an uncontrollable obstacle and a motif as the story unfolds.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Alcon Entertainment
- Director: Christopher Nolan
- IMDb user rating: 7.2
- Metascore: 78
- Runtime: 118 minutes
Director Christopher Nolan followed his breakout hit "Memento" with this remake of a 1997 Norwegian thriller. When a teenage girl is murdered in northern Alaska, two Los Angeles detectives (Al Pacino and Martin Donovan) are called in to help with the investigation. A traumatic event and 24-hour sunlight spurs a bad case of insomnia for one of the detectives, who slowly loses his grip on reality.
Director Christopher Nolan followed his breakout hit "Memento" with this remake of a 1997 Norwegian thriller. When a teenage girl is murdered in northern Alaska, two Los Angeles detectives (Al Pacino and Martin Donovan) are called in to help with the investigation. A traumatic event and 24-hour sunlight spurs a bad case of insomnia for one of the detectives, who slowly loses his grip on reality.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Haworth Productions
- Director: Anthony Harvey
- IMDb user rating: 7.9
- Metascore: data not available
- Runtime: 134 minutes
This historical drama takes place during Christmas in the year A.D. 1183 and plays loosely on Shakespeare's "King Lear." Peter O'Toole stars as King Henry II, who must decide which of his three sons shall inherit the throne. It won three Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Katharine Hepburn (in a rare tie with Barbra Streisand for "Funny Girl").
Haworth Productions
- Director: Anthony Harvey
- IMDb user rating: 7.9
- Metascore: data not available
- Runtime: 134 minutes
This historical drama takes place during Christmas in the year A.D. 1183 and plays loosely on Shakespeare's "King Lear." Peter O'Toole stars as King Henry II, who must decide which of his three sons shall inherit the throne. It won three Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Katharine Hepburn (in a rare tie with Barbra Streisand for "Funny Girl").
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Castle Rock Entertainment
- Director: Rob Reiner
- IMDb user rating: 7.8
- Metascore: 75
- Runtime: 107 minutes
Driving home from Colorado, author Paul Sheldon (James Caan) veers off an icy road and crashes his car. He's saved from death by his number one fan (Kathy Bates), who gradually becomes his captor. Stephen King wrote the bestselling novel upon which this film is based, once describing it as an allegory for addiction.
Castle Rock Entertainment
- Director: Rob Reiner
- IMDb user rating: 7.8
- Metascore: 75
- Runtime: 107 minutes
Driving home from Colorado, author Paul Sheldon (James Caan) veers off an icy road and crashes his car. He's saved from death by his number one fan (Kathy Bates), who gradually becomes his captor. Stephen King wrote the bestselling novel upon which this film is based, once describing it as an allegory for addiction.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Warner Bros.
- Director: Jeremiah S. Chechik
- IMDb user rating: 7.5
- Metascore: 49
- Runtime: 97 minutes
The third installment of the "Vacation" franchise proves that the ​​Griswold family members are no less dysfunctional at home than they are on the road. From obnoxious relatives to an impromptu kidnapping, the holiday disasters just keep on coming. Comedy legend John Hughes wrote the screenplay and penned "Home Alone" the following year.
Warner Bros.
- Director: Jeremiah S. Chechik
- IMDb user rating: 7.5
- Metascore: 49
- Runtime: 97 minutes
The third installment of the "Vacation" franchise proves that the ​​Griswold family members are no less dysfunctional at home than they are on the road. From obnoxious relatives to an impromptu kidnapping, the holiday disasters just keep on coming. Comedy legend John Hughes wrote the screenplay and penned "Home Alone" the following year.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
New Regency Productions
- Director: Alejandro G. Iñárritu
- IMDb user rating: 8.0
- Metascore: 76
- Runtime: 156 minutes
Leonardo DiCaprio went full survivalist when making this historical drama, sleeping in animal carcasses and risking hypothermia. It tells the (supposedly) true story of 19th-century frontiersman Hugh Glass, who's left for dead after being mauled by a bear. His path of revenge plays out against a brutal terrain of dangerous weather and people alike. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for DiCaprio.
New Regency Productions
- Director: Alejandro G. Iñárritu
- IMDb user rating: 8.0
- Metascore: 76
- Runtime: 156 minutes
Leonardo DiCaprio went full survivalist when making this historical drama, sleeping in animal carcasses and risking hypothermia. It tells the (supposedly) true story of 19th-century frontiersman Hugh Glass, who's left for dead after being mauled by a bear. His path of revenge plays out against a brutal terrain of dangerous weather and people alike. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for DiCaprio.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Warner Bros.
- Director: Stanley Kubrick
- IMDb user rating: 8.4
- Metascore: 66
- Runtime: 146 minutes
Winter is an alienating force—and a deadly one, too—in this horror classic, which explores the line between psychological and supernatural terror. While caretaking the secluded Overlook Hotel, a struggling writer (Jack Nicholson) goes insane. It's based on a novel by Stephen King, who famously took issue with director Stanley Kubrick's interpretation of the material.
Winter is an alienating force—and a deadly one, too—in this horror classic, which explores the line between psychological and supernatural terror. While caretaking the secluded Overlook Hotel, a struggling writer (Jack Nicholson) goes insane. It's based on a novel by Stephen King, who famously took issue with director Stanley Kubrick's interpretation of the material.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
SnowPiercer
- Director: Bong Joon Ho
- IMDb user rating: 7.1
- Metascore: 84
- Runtime: 126 minutes
A failed experiment has kicked off the modern ice age in Bong Joon Ho's futuristic thriller, based on a graphic novel. Aboard a perpetually moving train called the Snowpiercer, humanity's survivors engage in class warfare. Writing for CinemaBlend, critic Kristy Puchko called it a "deeply beautiful movie, punctuated by edge-of-your-seat thrills and unexpected laughs."
SnowPiercer
- Director: Bong Joon Ho
- IMDb user rating: 7.1
- Metascore: 84
- Runtime: 126 minutes
A failed experiment has kicked off the modern ice age in Bong Joon Ho's futuristic thriller, based on a graphic novel. Aboard a perpetually moving train called the Snowpiercer, humanity's survivors engage in class warfare. Writing for CinemaBlend, critic Kristy Puchko called it a "deeply beautiful movie, punctuated by edge-of-your-seat thrills and unexpected laughs."
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Universal Pictures
- Director: John Carpenter
- IMDb user rating: 8.2
- Metascore: 57
- Runtime: 109 minutes
A critical and commercial disappointment upon its release, John Carpenter's "The Thing" has since been reappraised as a sci-fi horror classic. The story takes place at a research station in the heart of Antarctica, where omnipresent snow and freezing temperatures are a way of life. With the introduction of a shape-shifting alien comes a deadly game of trust between its human prey. It was adapted from both a famous short story and a previous film.
Universal Pictures
- Director: John Carpenter
- IMDb user rating: 8.2
- Metascore: 57
- Runtime: 109 minutes
A critical and commercial disappointment upon its release, John Carpenter's "The Thing" has since been reappraised as a sci-fi horror classic. The story takes place at a research station in the heart of Antarctica, where omnipresent snow and freezing temperatures are a way of life. With the introduction of a shape-shifting alien comes a deadly game of trust between its human prey. It was adapted from both a famous short story and a previous film.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
SF
- Director: Ingmar Bergman
- IMDb user rating: 8.0
- Metascore: data not available
- Runtime: 81 minutes
Swedish auteur Ingmar Bergman often employs a cold and stark tonality, making winter weather a fitting backdrop for his work. This acclaimed drama makes up part of an informal trilogy about faith and takes place on a frigid Sunday. Already questioning his relationship with God, a small-town priest is thrown into further conflict by the love of a woman.
SF
- Director: Ingmar Bergman
- IMDb user rating: 8.0
- Metascore: data not available
- Runtime: 81 minutes
Swedish auteur Ingmar Bergman often employs a cold and stark tonality, making winter weather a fitting backdrop for his work. This acclaimed drama makes up part of an informal trilogy about faith and takes place on a frigid Sunday. Already questioning his relationship with God, a small-town priest is thrown into further conflict by the love of a woman.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
NBC Film
- Director: Nuri Bilge Ceylan
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 88
- Runtime: 196 minutes
Drawing from stories by Chekhov and Dostoyevsky, this Turkish drama centers on a wealthy hotel owner in a snowy village. Literal storms are matched by metaphorical ones as the story unravels, exploring themes of family struggle and class division. It won the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
NBC Film
- Director: Nuri Bilge Ceylan
- IMDb user rating: 8.1
- Metascore: 88
- Runtime: 196 minutes
Drawing from stories by Chekhov and Dostoyevsky, this Turkish drama centers on a wealthy hotel owner in a snowy village. Literal storms are matched by metaphorical ones as the story unravels, exploring themes of family struggle and class division. It won the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.
This week’s new releases: ‘Banshees,’ Whitney Houston, ‘High on Life’ and more
Anonymous Content
- Director: Debra Granik
- IMDb user rating: 7.1
- Metascore: 90
- Runtime: 100 minutes
Jennifer Lawrence delivered her breakout performance in this tense drama, playing destitute Ozark Mountain teen Ree Dolly. To save her family from homelessness, Ree must break with outlaw codes and locate her criminal father. Her subsequent journey plunges straight into the heart of darkness, where potential danger lurks behind every tattered door. The film's use of cold weather drives home its dreary and despairing vibe.
Jennifer Lawrence delivered her breakout performance in this tense drama, playing destitute Ozark Mountain teen Ree Dolly. To save her family from homelessness, Ree must break with outlaw codes and locate her criminal father. Her subsequent journey plunges straight into the heart of darkness, where potential danger lurks behind every tattered door. The film's use of cold weather drives home its dreary and despairing vibe.
Defining the ‘sun dog’ and how they appear in the sky, even at night
MATT DREWS
Submitted
A "sun dog" is visible at Island Beach State Park in Ocean County. The sun dog is famous for its two, small beams of light on either side of the sun. Sun dogs are formally known as the optical illusion parhelion.
MATT DREWS
Submitted
A "sun dog" is visible at Island Beach State Park in Ocean County. The sun dog is famous for its two, small beams of light on either side of the sun. Sun dogs are formally known as the optical illusion parhelion.
Warner Bros.