BRUSSELS — In the final days of the 2016 U.S. election campaign, European Union leader Donald Tusk could no longer contain himself: “One Donald is more than enough!” he wrote on Twitter.
When Trump was elected less than a week later, it made for an awkward start to what proved to be four difficult years of trans-Atlantic relations.
As Trump becomes the first former president to face federal charges that could put him in jail, many Europeans are watching the case closely, but hardly a single world leader has said a thing recently about the man leading the race for the Republican party nomination.
NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg, who Foreign Policy Magazine named its “Diplomat of the Year” in 2019 for helping the alliance navigate an “uncertain future” during the Trump years, demonstrated his chops when asked about a second term: It took him less than three sentences to change the topic to the television series “The Crown.”

Francisco Seco, Associated Press
NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg speaks with U.S. President Donald Trump Dec. 4, 2019, during a group photo at a NATO leaders meeting in Watford, Hertfordshire, England.
It’s not that the global public isn’t interested. Trump’s court appearance grabbed headlines and figured prominently on evening newscasts across much of Europe.
As far away as New Zealand, most “are watching the Trump circus with the same sense of horror and fascination that marked his last days in office” in early 2021 when the U.S. Capitol was attacked, said David Capie, a professor of international relations at Victoria University of Wellington.
Few European leaders would welcome Trump’s reelection. His policies on climate, trade and security clashed with European interests and sensibilities, and many fear that he would withdraw robust U.S. support for the war in Ukraine.

Pablo Martinez Monsivais, Associated Press
Russian President Vladimir Putin, right, and U.S. President Donald Trump give a joint news conference July 16, 2018, at the Presidential Palace in Helsinki, Finland.
“The whole world has the same concern. We hope that the U.S. election restores a bit of rationality,” said José Pio Borges, president of the Brazilian Center for International Relations think tank. “Not that we have great appreciation for Biden, but there is no comparison.”
In other parts of the world where the U.S. feels farther away, like China and India, the trial passed by with much less notice.
A minority of world leaders is openly cheering for Trump to make a comeback. In Hungary, Prime Minister Viktor Orban backed Trump in 2016, and said the war in Ukraine wouldn’t be happening if Trump was still president. In a speech last month, he cried: “Come back, Mr. President! Make America great again, and bring us peace!”
The nature of the allegations against Trump being tried now also matter to allied leaders. Prosecutors allege he was reckless with classified information, including secrets shared by or about intelligence partners.
“Were Donald Trump to be elected President, then absolutely, there will be certain governments that are going to be concerned,” said Leslie Vinjamuri, director of the U.S. and Americas Program at the London-based think tank Chatham House. She added that the current case was “very clear evidence, you know, of his willingness to play fast and loose with secret and top secret documents.”
With NATO allies and as far as Australia and New Zealand, the United States has a dense network of military security cooperation deals where secrecy, due diligence and trust in exchanging sensitive information are essential.

Rebecca Blackwell, Associated Press
People rally Tuesday outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse in Miami.
The indictment alleges Trump intentionally retained hundreds of classified documents after leaving office in January 2021, and then stored them in cardboard boxes in locations including a bathroom, a ballroom and a bedroom. The documents contained information on nuclear programs, defense and weapons capabilities of the U.S. and foreign governments, and a Pentagon “attack plan,” prosecutors wrote.
“It’s so far beyond the pale of the imagination of most people who work in intelligence that it really, you know, you do have to sort of laugh. But it’s obviously very grave, very serious,” Vinjamuri said.
Governments themselves have shied away from addressing such sensitive issues on the record, but it’s clear that most U.S. allies, especially in Europe, embraced Biden as their best hope to rekindle old alliances and build cooperation to contain climate change.

Andrew Harnik, Associated Press
French President Emmanuel Macron, center left, and U.S. President Donald Trump, center right, participate in a G-7 Working Session on the Global Economy, Foreign Policy, and Security Affairs Aug. 25, 2019, at the G-7 summit in Biarritz, France.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has created Europe’s biggest crisis in decades, and many European nations have stood shoulder to shoulder with Biden in facing Putin and slapping sanction after sanction on the Kremlin.
Ukraine itself has received vital aid from the Biden administration, but has shown no interest in commenting on Biden’s political rival. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy tried not to take sides during Trump’s first impeachment saga despite playing a central role in it, much as he’s welcomed China’s peace plan for the conflict despite widespread perceptions that it favors Moscow.
But this time, European leaders are keeping their opinions about Trump to themselves.
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
John Raoux
Supporters of former President Donald Trump board buses Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
John Raoux
Supporters of former President Donald Trump board buses Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Dominic Santana stands outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back.(AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Dominic Santana stands outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back.(AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Journalists line up to be admitted inside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Journalists line up to be admitted inside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
John Raoux
Supporters of former President Donald Trump line up to board buses to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for Trump, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
John Raoux
Supporters of former President Donald Trump line up to board buses to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for Trump, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Lynne Sladky
People cycle around the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
Lynne Sladky
People cycle around the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
People rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
People rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Miami Mayor Francis Suarez greets police outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Miami Mayor Francis Suarez greets police outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Lynne Sladky
Armed federal agents patrol at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump is makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
Lynne Sladky
Armed federal agents patrol at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump is makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Miami Mayor Francis Suarez greets police outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Miami Mayor Francis Suarez greets police outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Supporters of former President Donald Trump, rally at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Supporters of former President Donald Trump, rally at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Wilfredo Lee
Supporters of former President Donald Trump, drive near the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
Wilfredo Lee
Supporters of former President Donald Trump, drive near the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
John Raoux
Danette Chiialtas points and yells at supporters of former President Donald Trump as they board buses Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
John Raoux
Danette Chiialtas points and yells at supporters of former President Donald Trump as they board buses Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
John Raoux
A supporters of former President Donald Trump boards a bus Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
John Raoux
A supporters of former President Donald Trump boards a bus Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla., to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
John Raoux
A supporter of former President Donald Trump walks over to board a bus to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president on Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
John Raoux
A supporter of former President Donald Trump walks over to board a bus to attend a rally at the courthouse in Miami to show support for the former president on Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Police form a line outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Police form a line outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Wilfredo Lee
People rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
Wilfredo Lee
People rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Wilfredo Lee
Supporters of President Donald Trump rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
Wilfredo Lee
Supporters of President Donald Trump rally outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Gerald Herbert
Miami Police Department officers prepare at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert)
Gerald Herbert
Miami Police Department officers prepare at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
A poster of former President Donald Trump is held up by a supporter in front of the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
A poster of former President Donald Trump is held up by a supporter in front of the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Marta Lavandier
Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy speaks outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Marta Lavandier)
Marta Lavandier
Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy speaks outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Marta Lavandier)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Lynne Sladky
Police control traffic around the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
Lynne Sladky
Police control traffic around the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami, before former President Donald Trump makes a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Chris O'Meara
People rally at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Chris O'Meara)
Chris O'Meara
People rally at the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Chris O'Meara)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Chris O'Meara
Police work outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Chris O'Meara)
Chris O'Meara
Police work outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Former President Donald Trump is making a federal court appearance on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Chris O'Meara)
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Trump arrives at courthouse for appearance in classified documents case
Rebecca Blackwell
Hats and other items supporting former President Donald Trump are for sale outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)
Rebecca Blackwell
Hats and other items supporting former President Donald Trump are for sale outside the Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse, Tuesday, June 13, 2023, in Miami. Trump is making a federal court appearance today on dozens of felony charges accusing him of illegally hoarding classified documents and thwarting the Justice Department's efforts to get the records back. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell)